Historical Context of Organ Donation in Iran Organ donation in Iran gained formal religious legitimacy through the landmark fatwa issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Prior to this ruling,

Principle of Harm and Benefit in Ja’fari Fiqh Ja’fari jurisprudence emphasizes the principle of minimizing harm (la darar wa la dirar) and maximizing benefit. This principle guides decisions

Understanding Brain Death in Shia Fiqh Brain death is a modern medical definition where irreversible cessation of brain activity is considered legal death. Ja’fari scholars recognize brain death

Shia Jurisprudential Approach to Organ Donation Shia scholars, particularly from the Ja’fari school, permit organ donation under strict ethical and religious guidelines. Preservation of life is the overriding

Foundations of Medical Ethics in Ja’fari Fiqh The Ja’fari school, followed by Twelver Shia Muslims, emphasizes moral responsibility and human dignity in all medical interventions. Ethical principles are